OrangeChess

Byrom, John

2005-04-04T21:21:00.000-07:00

Byrom was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected fellow in 1714. He then went abroad, ostensibly to study medicine; in view of his Jacobite leanings his journey may have been political. On his return to London in 1718, he taught his own method of shorthand

Roman Republic And Empire

2005-04-03T01:31:00.000-08:00

The ancient state that centred on the city of Rome, from the time of the events leading up to the founding of the republic in 509 BC, through the establishment of the empire in 27 BC, to the final eclipse of the Empire of the West in the 5th century AD. (For later events of the Empire of the East, see Byzantine Empire.)

Olympic Airways

2005-04-01T23:31:00.000-08:00

Greek Olimpiaki Aeroporia, Greek airline founded on April 6, 1957, by the Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis (1906?–75) but, from 1975, wholly owned by the Greek government. Services from Greece into western Europe began in 1957, and by 1980 services extended throughout Greece and internationally from Athens to many of the major cities of Europe and the Middle East, as well as to North America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and

Percé

2005-03-30T20:11:00.000-08:00

City, Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region, eastern Quebec province, Canada. It lies along the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at the east end of the Gaspé Peninsula. First visited in 1534 by Jacques Cartier, it has been the site of a Roman Catholic mission since 1670. Percé is now a fishing port and summer resort. Offshore, but connected by a sandbar at low tide, is famed Rocher-Percé (“Pierced

Mondoñedo

2005-03-27T09:53:00.000-08:00

City, Lugo province, comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It lies along the Masma River, 27 miles (43 km) north of Lugo, the provincial capital. Mondoñedo occupies a sheltered valley among the northern outliers of the Cantabrian Mountains. The city has been an episcopal see since the 12th century. The principal building is the cathedral

China, The Cultural Revolution, 196676

2005-03-26T19:27:00.000-08:00

As the clash over issues in the autumn of 1965 became polarized, the army initially provided the battleground. The issues concerned differences over policy directions and their implications for the organization of power and the qualifications of senior officials to lead. Much of the struggle went on behind the scenes; in public it took the form of personal vilification

Dynamo Theory

2005-03-24T22:45:00.000-08:00

Geophysical theory that explains the origin of the Earth's main magnetic field in terms of a self-exciting (or self-sustaining) dynamo. In this dynamo mechanism, fluid motion in the Earth's outer core moves conducting material (liquid iron) across an already existing, weak magnetic field and generates an electric current. (Heat from radioactive decay in the core is thought

Fu Hsi

2005-03-24T20:14:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Fu Xi , formally (Wade-Giles romanization) T'ai Hao (Chinese: “The Great Bright One”) , also called Pao Hsi , or Mi Hsi first of China's mythical emperors. His miraculous birth, as a divine being with a serpent's body, is said to have occurred in the 29th century BC. Some representations show him as a leaf-wreathed head growing out of a mountain or as a man clothed with animal skins. Fu Hsi is said to have discovered the famous Chinese trigrams used in divination and thus to have contributed, in

Yako

2005-03-22T17:03:00.000-08:00

The Yako are mainly yam farmers; subsidiary crops include cocoyams (taro), corn (maize), okra, and pumpkin. The main cash crop is palm oil. The Yako occupy compact villages divided into wards, each containing several patrilineal clans. Patrilineal

Greifswald

2005-03-22T14:25:00.000-08:00

City, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania Land (state), northeastern Germany. It lies 20 miles (30 km) southeast of Stralsund near the mouth of the Ryck River, which empties into Greifswalder Bay on the Baltic Sea. First mentioned in 1209 as a market settlement of the Eldena monastery and chartered in 1250, Greifswald joined the Hanseatic League in 1278. It passed to Sweden in 1648 and to Prussia in 1815. Notable

Lai

2005-03-19T03:17:00.000-08:00

Medieval poetic and musical form, cultivated especially among the trouvères, or poet-musicians, of northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries but also among their slightly earlier, Provençal-language counterparts, the troubadours, and, called Leich, by the German minnesingers. The lai was a long poem having nonuniform stanzas of about 6 to 16 or more lines of 4 to 8 syllables.

China, Yüan China and the West

2005-03-18T09:06:00.000-08:00

As mentioned above, Mongol rulers favoured trade in all their dominions. In China, too, they eliminated state trade controls that had existed under the Sung and Chin, so that internal and external trade reached unprecedented proportions. It seems, however, that China's transcontinental trade with the Middle East and Europe was in the hands of non-Chinese (Persians,

Ovary

2005-03-18T07:45:00.000-08:00

In zoology, female reproductive organ in which sex cells (eggs or ova) are produced. The usually paired ovaries of female vertebrates produce both the sex cells and the hormones necessary for reproduction. In some invertebrate groups such as coelenterates, formation of ovaries is associated with the seasons. Many invertebrates

Heterochlorid

2005-03-16T22:48:00.000-08:00

Any protozoan of the plantlike flagellate order Heterochlorida. Heterochlorids have two flagella of unequal length and chromatophores whose pigments vary from yellow to yellow-green. Food reserves are stored as leucosin (probably a carbohydrate) and lipids. Some genera may be amoeboid during part of the life cycle; others may include a palmella stage, a condition

Ch'i-chia Culture

2005-03-16T10:18:00.000-08:00

Evidence of the culture was first unearthed in the small village of Ch'i-chia-p'ing, in the northwestern Chinese

Rush

2005-03-14T08:22:00.000-08:00

Any of several flowering plants distinguished by cylindrical stalks or hollow, stemlike leaves. They are found in temperate regions and particularly in moist or shady locations. The rush family (Juncaceae) includes Juncus, the common rushes, and Luzula, the woodrushes. Common rushes are used in many parts of the world for weaving into chair bottoms,

Zoisite

2005-03-14T07:16:00.000-08:00

Silicate mineral, calcium and aluminum silicate, Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH, characteristic of regional metamorphism and of hydrothermal alteration of igneous rocks. A member of the epidote (q.v.) group of nesosilicates, zoisite occurs as white, green-brown, or gray crystals or masses in crystalline schists, often with amphibole minerals; in metamorphosed calcareous shales; very

Toprakkala

2005-03-12T21:38:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Topraq-qal'ah, or Toprak Kale, site of a Khwarezmian walled city near modern Dashhowuz in Uzbekistan. The city was inhabited from about the 1st century BC until the 6th century AD, a period during which Khwarezm was an independent feudal state. A palace at Toprakkala, which may have been the capital of that state, contained lifelike paintings and sculptures executed in a style reflecting the influence

Pithou, Pierre

2005-03-12T01:31:00.000-08:00

Reared as a Calvinist, Pithou received his lawyer's robes at Paris (1560) after he had earned recognition by his essays on Roman laws. On the outbreak of the Second War of Religion against the Protestants in 1567, he fled

Biblical Literature, Second introductory discourse

2005-03-10T06:58:00.000-08:00

The second discourse, also ascribed to Moses, again refers to the Covenant at Horeb and sets forth the Ten Commandments, which the people are admonished to obey rigorously, emphasizing the mediating function of Moses at Horeb between the awesome divine presence and the awestruck people. Israel is further admonished to obey the law through wholehearted love of

Xenophon

2005-03-09T11:23:00.000-08:00

As a writer of prose, Xenophon ranked with his fellow historians Herodotus and Thucydides in the opinion of literary critics of antiquity and had a stronger influence on Latin literature than either. His works were translated into many European languages in the 16th century, and, until comparatively recently, his reputation stood high. He was the first journalist

Amalasuntha

2005-03-08T03:41:00.000-08:00

When her husband died, Amalasuntha was left with a son, Athalaric, and a daughter. At Theodoric's death, in 526, Athalaric was 10 years old, and Amalasuntha assumed the regency. Her pro-Byzantine policy, her patronage of literature and the arts, and her desire to educate

Asbest

2005-03-07T05:12:00.000-08:00

City, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), west-central Russia. It lies in the eastern foothills of the middle Ural Mountains. Developed from the settlement of Kudelka, founded in 1720 around the first Russian discovery of asbestos—from which it takes its name—it became a city in 1933. Asbestos production from the Bazhenovo deposit has been carried on since the 1880s. A century later the

Goliad

2005-03-06T14:50:00.000-08:00

Historic city, seat (1837) of Goliad county, southern Texas, U.S., near the San Antonio River, 85 miles (137 km) southeast of San Antonio and 80 miles (129 km) north of Corpus Christi. A Spanish mission, Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo Zuñiga (Spanish: “Our Lady of the Holy Spirit of Zuñiga”), and its protective fort, Presidio La Bahía, were established there in 1749 on the site of an Aranama Indian village.

Antietam, Battle Of

2005-03-05T19:39:00.000-08:00

Also called Battle of Sharpsburg (September 17, 1862), a decisive engagement in the American Civil War (1861–65) that halted the Confederate advance on Maryland for the purpose of gaining military supplies. The advance was also regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. The battle took its name from Antietam Creek, which flows south from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the Potomac River near

Antietam, Battle Of

2005-03-04T23:12:00.000-08:00

From 1946 the CSU has held the government of Bavaria continuously with only one exception, in 1954–57, though it was forced to

Saint Bernard

2005-03-04T05:36:00.000-08:00

Working dog credited with saving the lives of some 2,500 people in 300 years of service as pathfinder and rescue dog at the hospice founded by St. Bernard of Montjoux in Great St. Bernard Pass in the Pennine Alps. Probably descended from mastifflike dogs that were introduced from Asia to Europe by the Romans, the St. Bernard appears to have been brought to the hospice in the late

Monatomic Gas

2005-03-02T09:22:00.000-08:00

Gas composed of particles (molecules) that consist of single atoms, such as helium or sodium vapour, and in this way different from diatomic, triatomic, or, in general, polyatomic gases. The thermodynamic behaviour of a monatomic gas in the ordinary temperature range is extremely simple because it is free from the rotational and vibrational energy components characteristic

Ray

2005-03-01T19:11:00.000-08:00

Rays are distinguished from sharks by a flattened, disklike body, with the five gill openings and the mouth generally located on the underside. Rays are further distinguished from sharks by their greatly

Amorphous Solid, Vapour condensation techniques

2005-02-28T18:27:00.000-08:00

In the gold-silicon system of Figure 5, at compositions far from the cusp, glasses cannot be formed by melt quenching—even by the rapid splat-quench technique of

Music, Western, Solo and ensemble instruments

2005-02-27T02:55:00.000-08:00

The four major vehicles for instrumental music of the period were the lute, the organ, stringed keyboard instruments, and instrumental ensembles. Most popular by far was the lute, which could produce the major elements of instrumental style except for long, sustained tones. Noteworthy composers of lute music included Luis Milán in Spain, Arnold Schlick in Germany,

Arts, Islamic, Palaces

2005-02-25T14:44:00.000-08:00

There are basically three kinds of these princely structures. The first type consists of 10 large rural princely complexes found in Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan dating from around 710 to 750: ar-Rusafah, Qasr al-Hayr East, Qasr al-Hayr West, Jabal Says, Khirbat Minyah, Khirbat al-Mafjar, Mshatta, Qasr 'Amrah, Qasr al-Kharanah, and Qasr at-Tubah. Apparently these examples of princely architecture

Tuareg

2005-02-24T14:31:00.000-08:00

The northern Tuareg live mainly in true desert country, whereas the southerners

Forel, François-alphonse

2005-02-23T06:37:00.000-08:00

While lecturing in physiology and anatomy at the University of Lausanne, Switz., Forel began his investigations of lakes, notably Lake Geneva, and he published his findings in Le Léman: Monographie limnologique, 3 vol. (1892–1904). His standard work on limnology, Handbuch der

Interlude

2005-02-21T03:44:00.000-08:00

In theatre, early form of English dramatic entertainment, sometimes considered to be the transition between medieval morality plays and Tudor dramas. Interludes were performed at court or at “great houses” by professional minstrels or amateurs at intervals between some other entertainment, such as a banquet, or preceding or following a play, or between acts. Although

Enckell, Rabbe (arnfinn)

2005-02-20T06:00:00.000-08:00

Enckell studied art in France and Italy. His first collection of impressionistic nature poems, Dikter, appeared in 1923. In this collection and a sequel, Flöjtblåsarlycka (1925; “The Flutist's Happiness”), Enckell describes with

Broniewski, Wladyslaw

2005-02-19T00:33:00.000-08:00

Broniewski, born into the intelligentsia, left high school in 1915 to join the Polish legions under the command of Józef Pilsudski, and he fought in the front lines. He was interned by the Germans in 1917 and released when Poland regained independence

Biron, Armand-louis De Gontaut, Duc De (duke Of)

2005-02-18T22:16:00.000-08:00

In his youth, as Duke de Lauzun, he dissipated his fortune, traveling about Europe and earning notoriety for his gallantry and success with

Giraldi, Giambattista

2005-02-18T08:58:00.000-08:00

Giraldi was influenced

Grumbach, Wilhelm Von

2005-02-16T05:17:00.000-08:00

About 1540 Grumbach allied

Johannes Von Tepl

2005-02-15T19:52:00.000-08:00

After taking a degree at Prague University, he was appointed, probably before 1378, a notary in Saaz (Zatec), and he became headmaster of the grammar school there in 1383. In

Zanjan

2005-02-14T08:21:00.000-08:00

Geographic region of northwestern Iran. It lies west of Tehran and is bordered on the northwest by Azerbaijan and on the southwest by Kordestan. The region constitutes one of the uplands that frame central Iran and has an average elevation of 8,200 feet (2,500 m). It forms part of the Caspian Sea basin. The Zanjan River is the only major river in the region. Agriculture is the principal

Sha-shih

2005-02-13T03:38:00.000-08:00

Sha-shih was a large city in the state of Ch'u from the 6th century BC onward. The Ch'in dynasty (221–206 BC) and their successors,

Anthropometry

2005-02-12T11:29:00.000-08:00

The systematic collection and correlation of measurements of the human body. Now one of the principal techniques of physical anthropology, the discipline originated in the 19th century, when early studies of human biological and cultural evolution stimulated an interest in the systematic description of populations both living and extinct. In the latter part

Chad, Lake

2005-02-11T15:56:00.000-08:00

French Lac Tchad, freshwater lake located in the Sahelian zone of west-central Africa at the conjunction of Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. It is situated in an interior basin formerly occupied by a much larger ancient sea that is sometimes called Mega-Chad. Lake Chad ranks as the fourth largest lake in Africa, though its surface area varies greatly. When the surface of the lake is

Hyacinth

2005-02-10T19:33:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Jacinth, a red, orange, or yellow variety of the gemstone zircon (q.v.).

Cronin, James Watson

2005-02-09T13:35:00.000-08:00

Cronin graduated from Southern Methodist University at Dallas, Texas, in 1951 and received his

Thomas, W(illiam) I(saac)

2005-02-07T13:57:00.000-08:00

Thomas taught sociology at the University of Chicago (1895–1918), the New School for Social Research, New York City (1923–28), and Harvard University (1936–37). His Sex and

Christian Front

2005-02-06T20:53:00.000-08:00

In American history, anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi organization active from about 1938 until the United States entered World War II. Under the banner of anticommunism, it openly and clandestinely encouraged boycotts of Jewish merchants, used the slogan “Buy Christian,” and published the Christian Index, a directory of non-Jewish merchants in part of New York City. It received

Armstrong

2005-02-06T09:21:00.000-08:00

County, west-central Pennsylvania, U.S., bounded to the north by the Allegheny River and Redbank Creek and to the south by the Kiskiminetas River. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau, through which the Allegheny River has cut a deep valley roughly north-south in the western part of the county. Other waterways include Mahoning, Buffalo, and Crooked creeks,

Actinium

2005-02-04T15:16:00.000-08:00

(Ac), radioactive chemical element, in Group IIIb of the periodic table, atomic number 89. Actinium was discovered (1899) by André-Louis Debierne in pitchblende residues left after Pierre and Marie Curie had extracted radium and was also discovered (1902) independently by Friedrich Otto Giesel. A ton of pitchblende ore contains about 0.15 mg of actinium. The rare, silvery-white metal

Arts, Central Asian, Folk music

2005-02-04T05:42:00.000-08:00

Generally characterized by a scarcity of musicians and musical instruments, folk music of this region is predominantly a matter of solo playing and singing, small ensembles, and a complete lack of musical notation or codified musical theory. In their general types, the musical instruments are closely related to those of Persia and the Middle East, but specific

Monadhliath Mountains

2005-02-02T23:29:00.000-08:00

Also called Grey Hills mountain range in the Highland council area, Scotland, between Loch Ness in the northwest and the River Spey in the southeast. The range has several summits with elevations greater than 3,000 feet (900 metres), the highest being Carn Mairg at 3,087 feet (941 metres), the haunt of eagles and wild cats. The River Findhorn rises on the northwestern slopes of Carn Mairg and flows northward to

Akselrod, Pavel Borisovich

2005-02-01T21:15:00.000-08:00

Akselrod participated in the Narodnik (populist) movement during the 1870s and formed the revolutionary

Hour

2005-01-30T01:21:00.000-08:00

In timekeeping, 3,600 seconds, now defined in terms of radiation emitted from atoms of the element cesium under specified conditions. The hour was formerly defined as the 24th part of a mean solar day—i.e., of the average period of rotation of the Earth relative to the Sun. The hour of sidereal time, 1/24 of the Earth's rotation period relative to the stars, was about 10 seconds shorter than

Potsdam Conference

2005-01-30T00:54:00.000-08:00

The conferees discussed the substance and procedures of the peace settlements in Europe

Great Lakes

2005-01-28T07:28:00.000-08:00

Chain of lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth. Although Lake Baikal in Russia has a larger volume of water, the combined area of the Great Lakes—some 94,850 square miles (245,660 square kilometres)—represents the largest surface of fresh water in

Pijao

2005-01-28T04:43:00.000-08:00

Extinct Indian people of the southern highlands of Colombia. The Pijao spoke a language of the Chibchan family, related to that of the Páez, their neighbours to the south. They were agriculturists, raising corn (maize), sweet manioc (yuca), beans, potatoes, and many fruits; they also hunted and fished. They lived in settlements of several families in houses built of wood and

Pijao

2005-01-26T01:54:00.000-08:00

Any member of the mammalian order made up of the relatively well-known rabbits and hares (family Leporidae) and also the less frequently encountered pikas (family Ochotonidae). Rabbits and hares characteristically have long ears, a short tail, and strong hind limbs that provide a bounding locomotion. In contrast, the smaller pikas have shorter, rounded ears, no external

Extracellular Fluid

2005-01-26T01:18:00.000-08:00

In biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood, in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues. It differs from intracellular fluid (fluid within the cells) in that it generally has a high concentration of sodium and low concentration

Roan Antelope

2005-01-25T22:16:00.000-08:00

(Hippotragus equinus), African antelope, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), found in small groups on plains and scrublands. Related to the sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) and to the extinct blaauwbok, or bluebuck (H. leucophoeus), the roan antelope is a large, graceful animal standing 130–150 centimetres (50–60 inches) at the shoulder. Both sexes have long, pointed ears, an erect mane,

Ashbery, John

2005-01-24T20:46:00.000-08:00

Ashbery graduated from Harvard University in 1949 and received a master's degree from Columbia University (N.Y.) in 1951. After working as a copywriter in New York City (1951–55), he lived in Paris until 1965, contributing art criticism to the Paris edition of the New York Herald-Tribune and to

Amphibole, Regional metamorphic rocks

2005-01-22T16:41:00.000-08:00

Many different amphiboles may be contained in regional metamorphic rocks. Commonly several amphiboles may coexist with one another in the same sample, depending on the bulk chemistry of the rock and on the pressure and temperature of metamorphism. The amphiboles typically occur with plagioclase feldspar, quartz, and biotite, as well as with chlorite and oxide

Facet

2005-01-22T07:39:00.000-08:00

Flat, polished surface on a cut gemstone, usually with three or four sides. The widest part of a faceted stone is the girdle; the girdle lies on a plane that separates the crown, the stone's upper portion, from the pavilion, the stone's base. The large facet in the crown parallel to the girdle is the table; the very small one in the pavilion also parallel to the girdle is the culet.

Aghlabid Dynasty

2005-01-21T11:24:00.000-08:00

Also called Banu al-Aghlab Arab Muslim dynasty that ruled Ifriqiyah (Tunisia and eastern Algeria) from AD 800 to 909. The Aghlabids were nominally subject to the 'Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad but were in fact independent. Their capital city was Kairouan (al-Qayrawan), in Tunisia. The most interesting of the 11 Aghlabid emirs were the energetic and cultured Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab (reigned 800–812), founder of al-Abbasiyya (2 miles

Penda

2005-01-20T16:24:00.000-08:00

In 628 Penda defeated a West Saxon people known as the Hwicce at the Battle of Cirencester (in present-day Gloucestershire) and annexed their territory. He and King Cadwallon of Gwynedd (in northern Wales) invaded

Adam De La Halle,

2005-01-19T02:46:00.000-08:00

Adam's Jeu de la feuillée (“Play of the Greensward”) is a satirical fantasy based on his own life, written to amuse his friends in Arras upon his departure for Paris to pursue his studies. Le Congé (“The Leave Taking”) expresses his sorrow at leaving his wife and his native

National Aquarium In Baltimore

2005-01-18T16:22:00.000-08:00

One of the largest public aquariums in the United States. The aquarium, which opened in 1981 in the Inner Harbor area of Baltimore, Md., was financed largely by the city but was designated a “national” aquarium by the U.S. Congress. Of the more than 10,000 marine and freshwater animals maintained by the aquarium, many are marine mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. The decor and effect

Watch Fob

2005-01-17T17:37:00.000-08:00

Short ribbon or chain attached to a watch and hanging out of the pocket in which the watch is kept; the term can also refer to ornaments hung at the end of such a ribbon or chain. Until World War I and the development of the wristwatch, most watches designed for men had to be carried in the pocket. About 1772 the fashion of carrying a watch in each waistcoat fob pocket was introduced

Hannibal

2005-01-17T11:23:00.000-08:00

The treaty between Rome and Carthage that was concluded a year after the Battle of Zama frustrated the entire object of Hannibal's life, but his hopes of taking arms once more against Rome lived on. Although accused of having misconducted the war, he was made a suffete (a civil magistrate) in addition to retaining his military command, and as suffete he was able to overthrow

Visconti-venosta, Emilio, Marchese

2005-01-15T19:48:00.000-08:00

A youthful participant in the revolutionary movement against Austrian rule that began in 1848, Visconti-Venosta was forced in 1859 to flee to Piedmont; he served the government

Spadefoot Toad

2005-01-15T01:18:00.000-08:00

The European spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus) is found in Europe and Central Asia, usually in sandy regions.

Strain

2005-01-12T21:27:00.000-08:00

In physical sciences and engineering, number that describes relative deformation or change in shape and size of elastic, plastic, and fluid materials under applied forces. The deformation, expressed by strain, arises throughout the material as the particles (molecules, atoms, ions) of which the material is composed are slightly displaced from their normal

Adams, John

2005-01-12T09:40:00.000-08:00

Early advocate of American independence from Great Britain, major figure in the Continental Congress (1774–77), author of the Massachusetts constitution (1780), signer of the Treaty of Paris (1783), first American ambassador to the Court of St. James (1785–88), first vice president (1789–97) and second president (1797–1801) of the United States. Although Adams was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the most significant statesmen of the revolutionary era, his reputation faded in the 19th century, only to ascend again during the last half of the 20th century. The modern edition of his correspondence prompted a rediscovery of his bracing honesty and pungent way with words, his importance as a political thinker, his realistic perspective on American foreign policy, and his patriarchal role as founder of one of the most prominent families in American history. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America. See also Cabinet of President John Adams.)

Dahn, (julius Sophus) Felix

2005-01-11T08:03:00.000-08:00

Dahn's most substantial

Biblical Literature, The succession of Solomon to the throne

2005-01-10T00:41:00.000-08:00

I Kings (chapters 1 and 2) continues the story of David and the struggle for the succession of his throne. The sides were drawn between Adonijah, David's eldest living son, and Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba. Supporting Adonijah were the “old guard”—the general Joab and the priest Abiathar—and supporting Solomon were the priest Zadok, the prophet Nathan, and the captain

Sano

2005-01-09T19:21:00.000-08:00

City, Tochigi ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the Watarase River, a tributary of the Ione River. Sano is surrounded by low hills and occupies a plain, a plateau, and alluvial lowlands. Sano was a castle town during the Middle Ages and a post town and market centre during the Tokugawa era (1603–1867). Industry developed after the late 19th century, and the city now produces concrete, roof

Hoffmann, Josef

2005-01-09T05:19:00.000-08:00

Hoffman studied under Otto Wagner in Vienna and in 1899 joined in the founding of the Vienna Sezession, which, although influenced by the Art Nouveau movement, was more modernist than Wagner's approach. Beginning

Middlesbrough

2005-01-07T16:46:00.000-08:00

When the Stockton and Darlington Railway was extended east of Stockton in 1830 to the site where Joseph Pease

Alabama, The people

2005-01-06T00:47:00.000-08:00

Three-fourths of the state's population is white. The white population is significant for its deep roots in the state: the number of foreign-born residents is very small, and most whites are descendants of 19th-century settlers who came from adjoining regions to the east and north. Black Alabamians have equally deep roots in the state, dating to the days of chattel slavery

Celestine Iv

2005-01-05T23:17:00.000-08:00

The nephew of Pope Urban III, Celestine had been made cardinal priest of St. Mark's in 1227 and cardinal bishop of Sabina in 1239 by his predecessor, Gregory IX, whom he was elected to succeed on Oct. 25, 1241. He was the first pope to be elected in a conclave, which had been set up by the senator of Rome, Matthew Rosso Orsini, who hoped to break

Earth, Seismic-wave velocity profiles

2005-01-04T20:50:00.000-08:00

The techniques of deep seismic sounding, carried out mainly in the United States and western Europe, have yielded high-resolution velocity profiles for the crust and uppermost mantle since the late 1960s. These studies, complemented by detailed waveform analyses and seismic tomography, prove conclusively that the crust and upper mantle can vary significantly in

Evolution, The gene pool

2005-01-03T20:12:00.000-08:00

The gene pool is the sum total of all of the genes and combinations of genes that occur in a population of organisms of the same species. It can be described by citing the frequencies of the alternative genetic constitutions. Consider, for example, a particular gene (which geneticists call a locus), such as the one determining the MN blood groups in humans. One form of the

Chemical Compound, Monoterpenes

2005-01-02T13:50:00.000-08:00

The monoterpenes are isolated from their natural sources by distillation of the plant matter with steam. They are volatile oils, less dense than water, and have normal boiling points in the range 150°–185° C (300°–365° F). Purification is usually achieved by fractional distillation at reduced pressures or by regeneration from a crystalline derivative. Acyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons

Modernism

2005-01-01T20:39:00.000-08:00

In Roman Catholic church history, a movement in the last decade of the 19th century and first decade of the 20th that sought to reinterpret traditional Catholic teaching in the light of 19th-century philosophical, historical, and psychological theories and called for freedom of conscience. Influenced by non-Catholic biblical scholars, Modernists contended that the

Merchant Of Venice, The

2005-01-01T10:21:00.000-08:00

Bassanio, a noble but penniless Venetian, asks his wealthy merchant friend Antonio for a loan so as to impress and woo the heiress

Actor-manager System

2004-12-30T00:05:00.000-08:00

Method of theatrical production dominant in England and the U.S. in the 19th century, consisting of a permanent company formed by a leading actor who chose his own plays, took a leading role in them, and handled business and financial arrangements. The advantages of this system became apparent in the 18th century when successful actor-managers such as Colley Cibber and

Computers, Analog calculators: From Napier's logarithms to the slide rule

2004-12-29T10:37:00.000-08:00

Calculating devices took a different turn when John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, published his discovery of logarithms in 1614. As any person can attest, adding two 10-digit numbers is much simpler than multiplying them together, and the transformation of a multiplication problem into an addition problem is exactly what logarithms enable. This simplification

Huntington

2004-12-28T07:15:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1834) of Huntington county, central Indiana, U.S., on the Little Wabash River near its juncture with the Wabash, 24 miles (39 km) southwest of Fort Wayne. The original site (Forks of the Wabash) was an Indian campground (home of the Miami chief La Fontaine), where many Indian treaties were signed; it was known as Wepecheange (“Place of Flints”). The settlement that developed there

Sacco-vanzetti Case

2004-12-28T00:33:00.000-08:00

The trial resulted from the murders in South Braintree, Mass., on April 15, 1920, of F.A. Parmenter, paymaster of a shoe factory, and Alessandro Berardelli, the guard accompanying him, in order to secure the payroll

Chi-hsi

2004-12-26T00:11:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Jixi, city in southeastern Heilungkiang Province (sheng), China. Located on the upper Mu-leng Ho (river), it is in a mountainous area rich in timber and in various minerals, including coal, iron, oil shale, graphite, fluorite, and limestone. Chi-hsi is, however, predominantly a coal-mining city, with some of the largest and best equipped coal mines in China. The coal is of high quality

War Finance

2004-12-25T19:50:00.000-08:00

Government efforts to finance major wars have frequently led to major changes in the tax system. In the United States, for example, the importance

Performing Arts

2004-12-24T14:18:00.000-08:00

Government efforts to finance major wars have frequently led to major changes in the tax system. In the United States, for example, the importance

Induction

2004-12-24T09:44:00.000-08:00

Formation of b-galactosidase has been shown

China, Confucianism and philosophical Taoism

2004-12-22T13:17:00.000-08:00

By the beginning

Botswana, Transport

2004-12-21T14:15:00.000-08:00

The 400-mile railway along the eastern side of the country was completed in 1897, linking South Africa and Zimbabwe, but had limited impact on the Botswana economy until the 1970s, when the first branch lines were opened to serve mining areas. At independence in 1966, there were only a few miles of paved roads—all inside town boundaries. Since then the major towns have been linked by paved

Chiba

2004-12-20T21:38:00.000-08:00

City and capital of Chiba ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the Boso Peninsula about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of Tokyo and on the east coast of Tokyo Bay. It was a castle town controlled by the Chiba family in the 12th–15th century, and during the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) it served as a post-station town for several major roads. The town grew after the construction of a railway connecting

Subgraywacke

2004-12-20T08:33:00.000-08:00

Dark-coloured sedimentary rock that contains from 65 to 95 percent free quartz, in grains 0.06 to 2 mm in diameter, held together by a matrix with a low mud content and often a high carbonate content. Some geologists favour a definition of graywacke (q.v.) that permits no more than 75 percent free quartz in the rock, and they thus would class as subgraywackes those rocks with (1) over 25 percent

Korea, South

2004-12-18T10:01:00.000-08:00

Officially Republic of Korea , Korean Taehan Min'guk country in East Asia. It occupies the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. The country is bordered by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) to the north, the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west; to the southeast it is separated from the Japanese island of Tsushima by the Korea Strait. South Korea

Biblical Literature, Biblical literature in the liturgy of Judaism

2004-12-18T07:41:00.000-08:00

Because the synagogue arose in a land separated from the Jerusalem Temple with its sacrificial

OrangeChess

Byrom, John

Roman Republic And Empire

Olympic Airways

Percé

Mondoñedo

China, The Cultural Revolution, 196676

Dynamo Theory

Fu Hsi

Yako

Greifswald

Lai

China, Yüan China and the West

Ovary

Heterochlorid

Ch'i-chia Culture

Rush

Zoisite

Toprakkala

Pithou, Pierre

Biblical Literature, Second introductory discourse

Xenophon

Amalasuntha

Asbest

Goliad

Antietam, Battle Of

Antietam, Battle Of

Saint Bernard

Monatomic Gas

Ray

Amorphous Solid, Vapour condensation techniques

Music, Western, Solo and ensemble instruments

Arts, Islamic, Palaces

Tuareg

Forel, François-alphonse

Interlude

Enckell, Rabbe (arnfinn)

Broniewski, Wladyslaw

Biron, Armand-louis De Gontaut, Duc De (duke Of)

Giraldi, Giambattista

Grumbach, Wilhelm Von

Johannes Von Tepl

Zanjan

Sha-shih

Anthropometry

Chad, Lake

Hyacinth

Cronin, James Watson

Thomas, W(illiam) I(saac)

Christian Front

Armstrong

Actinium

Arts, Central Asian, Folk music

Monadhliath Mountains

Akselrod, Pavel Borisovich

Hour

Potsdam Conference

Great Lakes

Pijao

Pijao

Extracellular Fluid

Roan Antelope

Ashbery, John

Amphibole, Regional metamorphic rocks

Facet

Aghlabid Dynasty

Penda

Adam De La Halle,

National Aquarium In Baltimore

Watch Fob

Hannibal

Visconti-venosta, Emilio, Marchese

Spadefoot Toad

Strain

Adams, John

Dahn, (julius Sophus) Felix

Biblical Literature, The succession of Solomon to the throne

Sano

Hoffmann, Josef

Middlesbrough

China, The Cultural Revolution, 196676